1. Al-Hafiz al-Bayhaqi in
his book "al-Madkhal" and al-Zarkashi in his "Tadhkirah fi al-ahadith al-mushtaharah"
relate: Imam al-Qasim ibn Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr al-Siddiq said: "The differences
among the Companions of Muhammad (s) are a mercy for Allah's servants.
Al-Hafiz al-`Iraqi the teacher of Ibn Hajar al-`Asqalani said: "This is
a saying of al-Qasim ibn Muhammad who said: 'The difference of opinion
among the Companions of Muhammad (s) is a mercy.
2. Al-Hafiz Ibn al-Athir in the introduction
to his "Jami` al-usul fi ahadith al-rasul" relates the above saying from
Imam Malik according to al-Hafiz Ibn al-Mulaqqin in his "Tuhfat al-muhtaj
ila adillat al-Minhaj" and Ibn al-Subki in his "Tabaqat al-Shafi`iyya."
3. Bayhaqi and Zarkashi also said:
Qutada said: "'Umar ibn `Abd al-`Aziz used to say: 'It would not please
me more if the Companions of Muhammad (s) did not differ among them, because
had they not differed there would be no leeway (for us).'"
4. Bayhaqi also relates in "al-Madkhal"
and Zarkashi in the "Tadhkira": Al-Layth ibn Sa`d said on the authority
of Yahya ibn Sa`id: "the people of knowledge are the people of flexibility
(tawsi`a). Those who give fatwas never cease to differ, and so this one
permits something while that one forbids it, without one finding fault
with the other when he knows of his position."
5. Al-Hafiz al-Sakhawi said in his
"Maqasid al-hasana" p. 49 #39 after quoting the above: "I have read the
following written in my shaykh's (al-Hafiz ibn Hajar) handwriting: 'The
hadith of Layth is a reference to a very famous hadith of the Prophet (s),
cited by Ibn al-Hajib in the "Mukhtasar" in the section on qiyas (analogy),
which says: "Difference of opinion in my Community is a mercy for people"
(ikhtilafu ummati rahmatun li al-nas). There is a lot of questioning about
its authenticity, and many of the imams of learning have claimed that it
has no basis (la asla lahu). However, al-Khattabi mentions it in the context
of a digression in "Gharib al-hadith" . . . and what he says concerning
the tracing of the hadith is not free from imperfection, but he makes it
known that it does have a basis in his opinion.'"
6. Al-`Iraqi mentions all of the
above (1-5) in his "Mughni `an haml al-asfar" and says: "What is meant
by "the Community" in this saying is those competent for practicing legal
reasoning (al-mujtahidun) in the branches of the law, wherein reasoning
is permissible."
NOTE: What `Iraqi meant by saying
"the branches wherein reasoning is permissible" is that difference is not
allowed in matters of doctrine, since there is agreement that there is
only one truth in the essentials of belief and anyone, whether a mujtahid
or otherwise, who takes a different view automatically renounces Islam.
(Shawkani, "Irshad al-Fuhul" p. 259 as quoted in Kamali, "Principles of
Islamic Jurisprudence" p. 383.) Al-Albani in his attack on the hadith "Difference
of opinion in my Community is a mercy" ignores this distinction and even
adduces the verse: "If it had been from other than Allah they would have
found therein much discrepancy" (4:82) in order to prove that differences
can never be a mercy in any case but are always a curse. Al-Albani's point
is directed entirely against those who are content to follow a madhhab.
The only scholar he quotes in support of his position is Ibn Hazm al-Zahiri,
whose mistake he adopts without mentioning it was denounced by Nawawi.
("Silsila da`ifa" 1:76 #57)
7. Ibn Hazm said in "al-Ihkam fi
usul al-ahkam" (5:64): "The saying "Difference of opinion in my Community
is a mercy" is the most perverse saying possible, because if difference
were mercy, agreement would be anger, and it is impossible for a Muslim
to say this, because there can only be either agreement, or difference,
and there can only be either mercy, or anger." However, Imam Nawawi said
in his Commentary on "Sahih Muslim": "If something (i.e. agreement) is
a mercy it is not necessary for its opposite to be the opposite of mercy.
No-one makes this binding, and no-one even says this except an ignoramus
or one who affects ignorance. Allah the Exalted said: "And of His mercy
He has made night for you so that you would rest in it," and He has named
night a mercy: it does not necessarily ensue from this that the day is
a punishment."
8. Al-Khattabi said in "Gharib al-hadith":
"Difference of opinion in religion is of three kinds: - In affirming the
Creator and His Oneness: to deny it is kufr (disbelief); - In His attributes
and will: to deny them is innovation; - In the different rulings of the
branches of the law (ahkam al-furu`): Allah has made them mercy and generosity
for the scholars, and that is the meaning of the hadith: "Difference of
opinion in my Community is a mercy." Al-Jarrahi cited it in "Kashf al-khafa"
1:64 #153.
9. Al-Hafiz al-Suyuti says in his
short treatise "Jazil al-mawahib fi ikhtilaf al-madhahib" (The Abundant
Grants Concerning the Differences Among the Schools): "The hadith "Difference
of opinion in my Community is a mercy for people" has many benefits among
which are the fact that the Prophet (s) foretold of the differences that
would arise after his time among the madhahib in the branches of the law,
and this is one of his miracles because it is a foretelling of things unseen.
Another benefit is his approval of these differences and his confirmation
of them because he characterizes them as a mercy. Another benefit is that
the legally responsible person can choose to follow whichever he likes
among them." After citing the saying of `Umar ibn `Abd al-`Aziz already
quoted (#3 above), Suyuti says: "This indicates that what is meant is their
differences in the rulings in the branches of the law."
10. The muhaddith al-Samhudi relates
al-Hafiz Ibn al-Salah's discussion of Imam Malik's saying concerning difference
of opinion among the Companions: "Among them is the one that is wrong and
the one that is right: therefore you must exercise ijtihad." Samhudi said:
"Plainly, it refers to differences in legal rulings (ahkam). Ibn al-Salah
said: "This is different from what Layth said concerning the flexibility
allowed for the Community, since this applies exclusively to the mujtahid
as he said: "you must exercise ijtihad," because the mujtahid's competence
makes him legally responsible (mukallaf) to exercise ijtihad and there
is no flexibility allowed for him over the matter of their difference.
The flexibility applies exclusively to the unqualified follower (muqallid).
The people meant in the saying: "Difference of opinion in my Community
is a mercy for people" are those unqualified followers. As for the import
of Malik's saying "Among the Companions is the one that is wrong and the
one that is right," it is meant only as an answer to those who say that
the mujtahid is able to follow the Companions. It is not meant for others.""
11. The author of "al-Fiqh al-Akbar"
(attributed to Imam Abu Hanifa) said: "Difference of opinion in the Community
is a token of divine mercy."
12. Ibn Qudama al-Hanbali said in
"Al-`Aqa'id": "The difference in opinion in the Community is a mercy, and
their agreement is a proof."
Discussion
The decision of `Umar whereby he
gave precedence to `Ubayy ibn Ka`b's ijtihad over the ijtihad of `Abdullah
ibn Mas`ud on the validity of praying in a single garment is not a proof
that `Abdullah was wrong, rather it is a proof that `Umar exercised his
own ijtihad and authority as the Greater Imam in settling the question.
He overruled, not invalidated, and if Ibn Mas`ud held his position from
the Prophet (s) he cannot change it even after `Umar's ruling. This is
true of every true mujtahid at any time: he is obligated to follow the
result of his own ijtihad even if it should differ with that of every other
mujtahid of the past and present, unless he becomes convinced that he was
mistaken in his previous ijtihad.
According to all the scholars it
is incumbent upon the leader of the Muslims to be a mujtahid and it is
his responsibility in such cases to settle the question for the sake of
the people of his time, and that is the proper context of Imam Malik's
injuction: "Exercise ijtihad." It is addressed to the mufti who must establish
what is correct in clearcut fashion, not to the muqallid (follower) who
is only interested in "a way to follow" (= madhhab) without having to verify
its proofs and inferences. However, another mufti may reach another conclusion
and be followed, and is not bound by that of the first, nor are those who
take their fatwa from him, and no-one finds fault with the other, as Al-Layth
ibn Sa`d stated.
A clear proof that the fatwa of the
leader overrules but does not invalidate the opinion of the Companions
even if it directly contradicts it, is the fact that when `Umar ibn al-Khattab
proposed to have all the hadith collected and written down he consulted
the Companions and they unanimously agreed to his proposal; later he disapproved
of it and ordered that everyone who had written a collection burn it. Yet
`Umar ibn `Abd al-`Aziz later ordered that hadith be collected and written.
Al-Hafiz al-Baghdadi relates it in his "Taqyid al-`ilm" 49, 52-53, 105-106,
and Ibn Sa`d in his "Tabaqat" 3(1):206, 8:353.
Those who think they are mujtahid
but in reality are unqualified, when faced by the followers of madhahib,
cover up their ignorance with the flashy claim: "We follow Qur'an and Sunna,
not madhahib." When it is pointed out to them that to follow a madhhab
is to follow Qur'an and Sunna through true ijtihad, they become upset:
"How can the four madhhabs differ and be right at the same time? I have
heard that only one may be right, and the others wrong." The answer is
that one certainly follows only the ruling that he believes is right, but
he can never fanatically invalidate the following of other rulings by other
madhahib, because they, also, are based on sound principles of ijtihad.
At this they rebel and begin numbering the mistakes of the mujtahids: "Imam
Malik was right in this, but he was wrong in that; Imam Shafi`i was right
in this, but he was wrong in that . . . " This is what they say, and what
they hide in their heart is worse because it includes even the Companions.
This we will never accept. But when they are rebuked for this blatant disrespect
they make it known that they have been wronged and "They are arrogant in
their sin" (2:206). This is nothing else than the legacy of the Wahhabi/Salafi
movement.
Blessings and Peace on the Prophet,
his Family, and His Companions. May Allah be well pleased with the Four
Mujtahid Imams, and all the scholars who feared Allah truly.